2.4: Formulas for Ionic Compounds - Chemistry LibreTexts Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. High rates of extracellular superoxide production in bryophytes and lichens, and an oxidative burst in response to rehydration following desiccation. Please resubmit the. Kotaka S., Krueger A.P., Andriese P.C., Nishizawa K., Ohuchi T., Takenobu M., Kozure Y. An early study showed the involvement of superoxide in the bacterial killing of Staphylococcus albus [117]. A: The super scripts of cations and anions must be exchanged with the subscripts in order to write a, A: The chemical formula is written as its compound name which clearly explains the charges and, A: Given :- These ions are. Early measurements suggested that the majority of lower tropospheric negative ions would be composed of O2, CO3, or NO3 and their (H2O)n clusters as well as HSO4 core ions [5,57]. Characterization of ions at alpine waterfalls. Lin H.F., Lin J.M. Question: Complete the table below, making sure to use the subscript (X) and superscript (X2) buttons as needed. Erqou S., Clougherty J.E., Olafiranye O., Magnani J.W., Aiyer A., Tripathy S., Kinnee E., Kip K.E., Reis S.E. NAIs also showed effective treatment of chronic depression [88]. Figure 2 summarizes the composition from various sources of NAIs and the evolution of oxygen-based NAIs [31,37,52,53,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66]. Sutto H.C. Superoxide and ozone production by corona discharge. The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons when a certain wavelength of light is shone onto a metallic surface. Evidence showed that many factors might affect PM reducing efficiency by NAIs (Table 3; [34,139,150,153]). b) Which species must be an ion pair, and which comes from acid hydrolysis of Fe3+? Lee S.R., Kang T.H., Han C.S., Oh M.M. (2012), around 3.2 million people died in 2010 due to exposure to PM [132]. H - Hydride F - Fluoride O 2- Oxide S 2- Sulfide N 3- Nitride P 3- Phosphide Particulate matter air pollution and racial differences in cardiovascular disease risk. On the contrary, no effect of NAIs on mental health was reported in other studies [89,90]. Wiszniewski A., Suchanowski A., Wielgomas B. Nemeryuk G.E. Studies on the Effects of Gaseous Ions on Plant Growth I. Thus, radiant and cosmic ray ionization is ubiquitous in the Earths atmosphere. Grabarczyk Z. Electiveness of indoor air cleaning with corona ionizers. Negative ions in Trichel corona in carbon dioxide and oxygen. The oxygen atom has a 2 charge as an ion. For example, in a mountain area, high electric fields and low atmospheric pressure promote the onset of corona discharge [11]. Only peer-reviewed and English-language articles were considered. If you are using any results from this website, Berry D., Mainelis G., Fennell D. Effect of an ionic air cleaner on indoor/outdoor particle ratios in a residential environment. Cu+ Generally, generated NAIs are not stable and will be gradually decayed. Here, we have carried out a comprehensive reviewing on the effects of NAIs on humans/animals, and microorganisms, and plant development. Naturali, Rendiconti, 9. These factors include water drop temperature, dissolved impurities, speed of the impinging air blast, and foreign impinging surfaces of droplets. What Are Negative Ions And Why Are There So Many Studies on Their Acute exposure of rats to air ions: Effects on the regional concentration and utilization of serotonin in brain. A Cr3+ solution is electrolyzed using a current of0.365 A. Dibromoiron | Br2Fe | CID 425646 - PubChem Air ions and mood outcomes: A review and meta-analysis. There are negative ions in the air. Is atmospheric super oxide Vitally necessary? One of the obvious disadvantages of ionizers is to emit ozone [154], which is a powerful oxidant and may seriously harm our health by long-term and/or high-dose exposure. Iron(III) Oxide When a metal combines with a nonmetal , the metal loses electrons to form a positive ion and the nonmetal gains electrons to form a negative ion . However, other studies showed that the lifetime of NAIs in clean air is around 100 s ([34] and references therein). c.Calculate the molar absorptivity of the iron/1, 10-phenanthroline complex, Matching Type To write the formula , first write cation. At least 4 oxidation states of oxygen have been identified including O2 (dioxygen), O2+ (dioxygen cation), O2 (superoxide) and O22 (peroxide dianion) [126]. Finally, we have reviewed the plant-based NAI release system under the pulsed electric field (PEF) stimulation. Three keywords negative, air, and ion were used to search all collected articles in these databases. Negative ion species generated by corona discharge have been identified through mass spectrometry by several experiments [55,66,67]. A 3.03-g petroleum specimen was decomposed by wet ashing and subsequently diluted to 500 mL in a volumetric flask. The data from three replicates of experiments showed that UV lights indeed promoted the NAI generation. See Answer Question: 3. Wang and Li (2009) investigated the effects of light intensities on NAI release in five plant species (Aloe arborescens, Clivia miniata, Chlorophytum comosum, Opuntia brunnescens, Crassula portulacea) [27]. Generation of negative air ions by plants upon pulsed stimulation applied to soil. Exposure to NAIs showed inactivation or growth inhibition of the bacteria E. coli, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, P. fluorescens [96,97,98,99,100] and has a lethal effect on starved Pseudomonas veronii cells [101]. Pratt R., Barnard R.W. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the # Average values for all used plant species under 60 min of experiment. a monodentate ligand Seo K.H., Mitchell B.W., Holt P.S., Gast R.K. Bactericidal effects of negative air ions on airborne and surface Salmonella enteritidis from an artificially generated aerosol. Half-Cell Reaction - Chemistry LibreTexts Lab Report 5.pdf - Compounds and Their Formulas Pre-lab Zhao X., Li Y., Hua T., Jiang P., Yin X., Yu J., Ding B. Low-resistance dual-purpose air filter releasing negative ions and effectively capturing PM. Different plants released different amounts of NAIs under natural growth conditions (Table 1). Iron(II) bromide - Wikipedia Some physiological effects of measured air ions. Negative ions in Trichel corona in air. A: Chlorine generally forms 4 types of ions with ocygen atom, i.e, ClO-, ClO2-, ClO3- and ClO4- ions. Air ionisation and colonization / infection with methicillin-resistant. NAIs have a positive effect on kale growth by improving fresh weight, macroelements and microelements [113]. One entry has been completed for you as an example Normal BIU fx Report Table B.7: Names of lonic Compounds with Polyatomic lons Formula Positive ion CaSO Fe(OH) Sr(PO) NACIO AI(NO) KSO Negative ion 50,- Name Calcium sulfate T chem .,1971, 43, 262, DOI: 10.1021/ac60297a026). 1.0x10-4 HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Bailey et al. Hayyan M., Hashim M.A., AlNashef I.M. Gabbay J., Bergerson O., Levi N., Brenner S., Eli I. A: Applying rule of IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic compounds. If you want to help us in giving learners around the world free access to high quality education, get in . NAIs prevented 60% of tuberculosis (TB) infection and 51% of TB disease [102]. Parts et al. Use the periodic table to find the two ions (positive ion and negative ion) for each . An investigation of the effects of negative air ions on responses to submaximal exercise at different times of day. Timoshkin I.V., Maclean M., Wilson M.P., Given M.J., MacGregor S.J., Wang T., Anderson J.G. This composition appears in the Br-Fe region of phase space. Bachman C.H., McDonald R.D., Lorenz P.J. The result provides a new way to improve plants in their superoxide release. Similar effects of NAIs on relieving symptoms in mood disorders to antidepressant nonpharmacotherapy trials were observed [38]. Chemistry Chemistry questions and answers 3. The presence of NAIs is credited for increasing psychological health, productivity, and overall well . What mass of Cr(s) (51.9661) is plated outafter 10 hours?2. The concentration of NAIs produced by these rays might reach from 500 ions per cm3 in land surface [6] to more than 1000 ions per cm3 at 15 km away from the land surface [7]. Once they reach our bloodstream . Controlled trial of bright light and negative air ions for chronic depression. Ions form when atoms lose or gain electrons to obtain a full outer shell: metal atoms lose electrons to form. Several parameters may affect the NAI release under PEF stimulation including plant species and output voltages in PEF stimulation (Table 2) as well as light intensity, temperature, pulse interval, and the pulse width of PEF [28,29,30]. 2) potassium bromide 3) calcium oxide 4) magnesium sulfide Ca+ CI CI Positive Ion Na+ Count up the total charge. B. Now, half of that idea is true. Manabe Y., Shimazaki T. Formation mechanism of surface corona on dielectric plates under negative impulse voltage in atmospheric air. 2.10: Formulas for Ionic Compounds - Chemistry LibreTexts FeBr2 Interestingly, the production of superoxide in plants could be improved by transgenic techniques. Iwama H. Negative air ions created by water shearing improve erythrocyte deformability and aerobic metabolism. (2006) indicated that O2 is not dominant products of negative ions produced by corona discharge [67,74]. Bowers B., Flory R., Ametepe J., Staley L., Patrick A., Carrington H. Controlled trial evaluation of exposure duration to negative air ions for the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. kv: kilovoltage. The process was then repeated for samples exposed to positive ions, with an electrode potential of +10 kV. These three ions, O2, O, and OH, further evolved into other types of ions. Comparative biochemistry of the oxidative burst produced by rose and french bean cells reveals two distinct mechanisms. Sci. The relative stability of all other phases at this composition (and the combination of other stable phases, if no compound at this composition is stable) is shown in the relative stability plot (right). NAIs reduced respirable and inhalable dust counts by 46%. It functions in inducing profound neurovascular, endocrinal, and metabolic effects in humans or animals. atmos. Superoxide O2 was also detected in those NAIs that were generated by stimulating plant roots using PEF [28]. Gravendeel B., de Hoog F.J. Clustered negative ions in atmospheric negative corona discharges in the Trichel regime. xls, 452.5 KB. Testing for Positive & Negative Ions | Chemistry Watanabe I., Noro H., Ohtsuka Y., Mano Y., Agishi Y. Their data showed that the NAI release was significantly increased with the enhancement of light intensities for Aloe arborescens. If a charged conductor/electrode has a needle-type with a sharp point, the electric field around the tip will be significantly higher than other parts and air near the electrode can become ionized and NAIs are generated [14]. However, no effect was also reported on blood pressure [83] or heart rate [84,85] and related data on cardiovascular function studies were not quantitatively evaluated [35]. : 0.058 eV/atom. Song M.J., Jeon Y.M., Oh M.M. Effect of negative air ions on. NAIs are unipolar ions and they will electrically charge PM, which will be deposited/precipitated more rapidly than uncharged ones as charged PM can attach to nearby surfaces, attach to each other and settle faster, or sink faster under the gravity [138,139,140,141,142] (available online: https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/guide-air-cleaners-home). Krueger A.P., Reed E.J. Both results from Shahin (1969) and Nagato et al. In the meantime, various new technologies were developed and used to further improve NAI generation and reduce the release of its byproduct ozone. Absorption For example, Fan et al. The name of compound written as name cation first and name anion second. As per rule, only 3 subparts can be attempted. a.Prepare a Beers law plot using the above data Generally, under natural growth conditions, plants release less than 200 ions/cm3 (Table 1). However, under normal growth conditions, plants released very low concentration of NAIs (<200 ions/cm3, Table 1). Harrison R.G., Carslaw K.S. a chelating indicator Production of superoxide from Photosystem II in a rice (. Bailey W.H., Charry J.M. Ionic and Covalent Bonding - Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry He then diluted the solution to 100.0 mL and put it in a variablepathlength cell. Some effects of ionized air on. For all three replicates or each replicate, a nonparametric two-tailed MannWhitney U test was carried out as described in the Supplementary Experiment and the statistical analysis showed that NAI concentrations under UV lighting conditions in all three replicates were significantly higher than those under normal lighting conditions (CK) with p < 0.00001. Kosenko E.A., Kaminsky Y.G., Stavrovskaya I.G., Sirota T.V., Kondrashova M.N. Like prefix-suffix of acid are in order. * Specific distance may be related to plant size, please refer to the cited paper for more details. Negative Air Ions and Their Effects on Human Health and Air Quality However, no significant difference was observed between control and NAI-treated tobacco plants in nicotine and total alkaloid; the total nitrogen content in NAI-treated plants was slightly increased when compared with control plants [114]. * Specific distance may be related to plant size, please refer to the cited paper for more details. Control of respirable particles in indoor air with portable negative air ion generator. Serotonin is a very powerful and versatile neurohormone. The system may be used to freshen indoor air and reduce PM concentration in addition to enriching oxygen content and indoor decoration at home, school, hospital, airport, and other indoor areas. Goldstein N.I., Goldstein R.N., Merzlyak M.N. DOI: 10.1177 . The OH concentration was significantly increased near waterfalls. Formulas of Ionic Compounds - ThoughtCo (1992) also reported that the biological activity of NAIs may be dependent on superoxide [128], but it must be emphasized that the biological effects of NAIs are due to not only superoxide, but also other activated oxygen species [127,130,131]. In addition to superoxide, other negative ions also contribute to the composition of plant NAIs. Niu J.L., Tung T.C.W., Burnett J. Quantication of dust removal and ozone emission of ionizer air-cleaners by chamber testing. The effects of NAIs on the cardiovascular system included improving erythrocyte deformability and aerobic metabolism [24] as well as decreasing blood pressure [32,77,81,82]. The reference was placed in a cell with a 1.00-cm pathlength. NAIs can be used to eliminate cigarette smoke, Air ionizers are efficient even in a ventilated room with 132 m, Field tests conducted in Shanghai showed stable PM. Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore; Received 2018 Aug 15; Accepted 2018 Sep 25. Wrona M.Z., Dryhurst G. Oxidation of serotonin by superoxide radical: Implications to neurodegenerative brain disorders. Sakata S., Okada T. Effect of humidity on hydrated cluster-ion formation in a clean room corona discharge neutralizer. ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid As for the effect of NAIs on respiratory function, exposure to negative or positive air ions does not appear to play an appreciable role in respiratory function [91]. Here, we further explored the fate of generated NAIs. Revision video on the basics of testing for positive and negative Ions. Stano M., Safonov E., Kucera M., Matejcik S. Ion mobility spectrometry study of negative corona discharge in oxygen/nitrogen mixtures. Disfunction of this gene by either transfer DNA (T-DNA) knockout or RNAi led to increased superoxide production [50]. The energy of the positive ions diffusing out of the source is dened by the plasma potential in the active glow. Particulate matter (PM) is a major air pollutant that affects human health. Xie Y., Zhao B., Zhang L., Luo R. Spatiotemporal variations of PM, Xing Y.F., Xu Y.H., Shi M.H., Lian Y.X. positive ions gain electrons from the negatively charged cathode; negative ions lose electrons at the positively charged anode; Molten lead bromide, PbBr 2 (l), is an electrolyte. Electrospray Ionization Efficiency Is Dependent on Different - PLOS Resources from AQA GCSE Maths Grade Focused Lessons. For the plant-based NAIs released by PEF stimulation, no reports were available on their ion composition. The oxygen molecule O2 is a biradical with two unpaired electrons in different orbitals and is capable of accepting up to 4 electrons [125]. What was the concentration of iron in Uncle Wilburs runoff ? However, others reported no significant effect of NAIs on the concentration or turnover of serotonin in rats under their exposure conditions [35,79]. Calculate the amounts of Cu2+ and Fe3+ in mg/L. The plasma potential in the glow, measured by the Langmuir probe was 20V at 2.5kW of RF power [6]. Alisa P. Oxygen Toxicity and Free Radical Injury. Thus, the formula for this ionic compound is Fe 2 O 3. Qiu B., Li Q., Hong W., Xing G. Characterization of the key material for elimination of PM. However, for the remaining 4 plant species, less effect was observed and NAI release was not significantly affected by light intensities. Toxicol. Electric fields, small air ions and biological effects. The effects of NAIs on human/animal health mainly focused on the cardiovascular and respiratory system as well as on mental health (Table S2). Ermakov V.I., Bazilevskaya G.A., Potrevsky P.E., Stozhkov Y.I. In addition, generation of superoxide could be regulated by some external stimulation. Sulphur tetrabromide - SBr4 Luts A., Parts T. Evolution of negative small air ions at two different temperatures. The NAI could remove particles from the wood and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) wall surfaces substantially more effectively than from other wall materials such as wallpaper, stainless steel, and cement paint. They decay in the atmosphere and emit , , and/or rays, which ionize the air. Write the balanced acid hydrolysis reaction for the hexa-aquo complex of Fe3+ and report its pKa (1) Fe2+ During full-length article reviewing, some cited references, which were not included in the full-length review list, were also selected for additional reviewing. Plant height increased by 1315% and dry weight increased by 18% under the growth environment with high concentrations of NAIs [110]. Gardiner P.S., Cragss J.D. During PEF stimulation, more leaf stomata opened wider which might contribute to a higher level of NAI release [28]. Migration of salts into the atmosphere during transpiration. a hexadentate Positive and Negative Ions: Cations and Anions - dummies NAI generation by UV lighting. Sci. Calculate the equilibrium molarity of aqueous Pb2+Round vour answer to 2 sianificant digits. NAI species generated by different methods and evolution of oxygen-based NAIs. Many other similar reports showed the high efficiency of NAIs in PM removal (Table 3; [138,140,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152]). a) Write the charge balance equation for this solution. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Superoxide ion: Generation and chemical implications. please reference this work as shown. US 3128378 A). The NAI concentration under UV light was significantly higher than the control as indicated by MannWhitney U test at p < 0.00001. Tyagi A.K., Nirala B.K., Malik A., Singh K. The effect of negative air ion exposure on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Positive and negative ions of certain elements can be created depending on the number of electrons in their structure. Daniels S.L. . Crystal structure of the bromides of divalent metals. Minibayeva F., Beckett R.P. Chow J.C., Watson J.G., Mauderly J.L., Costa D.L., Wyzga R.E., Vedal S., Hidy G.M., Altshuler S.L., Marrack D., Heuss J.M., et al. Superoxide O2 is formed by accepting one electron. Annually, 2.1 million deaths occurred in the world due to the increasing levels of PM2.5 [133,134]. The systematic review of studies on NAIs initiated by literature searches. For instance, expression of the gene encoding Rho-related small G protein (ROP) 2 promoted superoxide generation in Arabidopsis leaf extracts [49]. Byczkowski J.Z., Gessner T. Biological role of superoxide ion-radical. Bachman and Hademenos (1971) showed that under high voltage, artificially applied electrical fields near the pointed barley leaf tips were intensified [19] and as a result, corona discharge occurred and air ions and ozone were generated. Negative air ions (NAIs) have been discovered for more than 100 years [1]. A: The correct name for N2O5 is given in step two. Reports showed that superoxide O2 was a kind of NAIs [28,36,37,38]. Fan X., Fett W.F., Mitchell B.W. Effect of negative air ions on respiratory organs and blood. Phillips G., Harris G.J., Jones M.W. Skalnya J.D., Mikoviny T., Matejcik S., Mason N.J. An analysis of mass spectrometric study of negative ions extracted from negative corona discharge in air. Asada K., Takahashi M. Production and Scavenging of Active Oxygens in Photosynthesis. To be determined :- In this patent, an ultraviolet lamp was used to irradiate metal materials, which photo-electrically eject electrons. 1. Based on the studies mentioned above, NAIs may evolve from one NAI to another NAI. Sawant V.S., Meena G.S., Jadhav D.B. Iwama H., Ohmizo H., Furuta S., Ohmori S., Watanabe K., Kaneko T., Tsutsumi K. Inspired superoxide anions attenuate blood lactate concentrations in postoperative patients. Forming ions - Ionic compounds - AQA - GCSE Combined Science - BBC Eng. Solved 3 - Names of lonic Compounds Formula Positive ion - Chegg On the other hand, evidence showed that NAIs could high-efficiently remove PM including ultrafine PM (Figure 3), providing an alternative way to clean indoor air especially during haze episodes. Sensitivity of. Bactericidal effect of corona discharges in atmospheric air. And some of them were listed in Table S2. Lenard effect was also called spray electrification or waterfall effect and was first systematically studied by Philipp Lenard [23], who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1905 for his research on cathode rays and the discovery of many of their properties. For example, in chloroplasts, through treating plants with methyl viologen (MV) or paraquat under light conditions, it is possible to generate O2 steadily by univalent reduction of MV or paraquat and subsequently transferring their electrons to oxygen [39,46,47]. Cobalt was determined by treating 25.00-mL aliquots of this diluted solution as follows: Assume that the Co(II)-ligand chelate obeys Beers law, and calculate the percentage of cobalt in the original sample. The experiment was carried out in a growth chamber with dimensions of 80 cm length, 80 cm width and 80 cm height. Characterization of corona-generated ions used in a Neutral cluster and Air Ion Spectrometer (NAIS). The energy of the negative ions was determined by the . From the name we can see that the, A: The name of an ionic compound is written as follows: NAIs released by different plants under different treatments with PEF stimulation. Effect of negative air ions on fog and smoke. Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds by Negative Air Ions. NAIs are continually changing as they collide with molecules in the air. Finally, the proper formula for an ionic compound always has a net zero charge, meaning the total positive charge must equal the total negative charge. Accelerated death of animals in a quasi-neutral electric atmosphere. Rosenthal I., Ben-Hur E. Superoxide involvement in negative air ion effects. Kerr K.G., Beggs C.B., Dean S.G., Thornton J., Donnelly J.K., Todd N.J., Sleigh P.A., Qureshi A., Taylor C.C. They were listed in Figure 2A. Immediately induced and transient generation of extracellular superoxide anion was observed after adding salicylic acid (SA) to tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) suspension culture [48]. A: Given reaction is, is the What is theproper systematicname setof the substances in order from left to, A: The question is based on the concept of naming the compound. Sirota T.V., Safronova V.G., Amelina A.G., Maltseva V.N., Avkhacheeva N.V., Sofin A.D., Ianin V.A., Mubarakshina E.K., Romanova L.K., Novoselov VI. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect. (3) HS-. Skalny J.D., Orszagh J., Mason N.J., John R., Yolanda A.G., Whitmore T.D. For example, the half-life of negative oxygen ions O2(H2O)n by the Lenard effect is around 60 seconds, but the NAIs generated by corona discharge could survive only several seconds [32]. Suess R, Fuchs B, Birkemeyer C, Schiller J. QUESTION: Use thermodynamic calculations [use redox potential (Eh)] to predict which of the three reductants below is most favorable at pH 3 ? A balanced formula has a neutral electrical charge or net charge of zero. positive ions gain electrons from the negatively charged cathode negative ions lose electrons at the positively charged anode Molten lead bromide, PbBr2(l), is an electrolyte. Krueger and Reed (1976) reviewed key reports published in that period on the biological effects of NAIs [1]. ammonium diaquatetrabromovanadate(III), tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) trioxalatoferrate(III)? Laza V. The environment and gaseous ions. Air Ions: Physical and Biological Aspects. The stimulatory effect of negative air ions and hydrogen peroxide on the activity of superoxide dismutase. Thus, some of the biological effects of NAIs were related to the reduction of serotonin. Based on the Lenard effect, water shearing appliance has been designed to generate NAIs [24]. Zhou P., Yang Y., Huang G., Lai A.C.K. Electrolysis of molten salts - Electrolysis - AQA - GCSE Combined - BBC Part II: Influence of water and sF6 neutral by-products. A: The periodic table is the representation of chemical elements arranged according to atomic numbers., A: In chemistry, an ionic compound is a chemical compound in which ions are held together by ionic, A: In the naming of ionic compounds the name of cation is given first and than the name of anion is. The cosmic ray ionization accounts for around 20% of the total ionization over land surfaces [4]. The electrons then collide with air molecules and generate NAIs. NAI concentration was measured by the DLY-4G-232 air ion counter (Kilter Electronic Institute Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, China). E. Ion balance equation in the atmosphere. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Therefore, superoxide O2 is a kind of negative oxygen ions, which was documented by several reports [28,36,37,38,127]. Except for the inhibition effect of NAIs on bacteria, reports also showed that NAIs inhibited the growth of fungi and viruses. The .gov means its official. ? Goldstein N., Arshavskaya T.V. Marks Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach. Exposure of laboratory animals to small air ions: A systematic review of biological and behavioral studies. Part 1. The NAI concentration was increased to 825 ions/cm3 under UV light condition, significantly higher than the control (Figure 1A). Cleland R.E., Grace S.C. Voltammetric detection of superoxide production by photosystem II. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. This is a new NAI generation system which releases a huge amount of NAIs under the PEF treatment. Although reports showed that the UV rays significantly mediated the air ionization, little systematical study was carried out on the effect of artificial UV light on NAI generation. Skromulis A., Noviks G. Atmospheric light air ion concentrations and related meteorologic factors in Rezekne city, Latvia. As a result, other NAIs are generated such as O2, CO4, CO3, OH, HCO3, O3, NO3, and NO2 (Figure 2B). Growth and certain chemical constituents of tobacco plants exposed to air ions. There were some differences in NAI compositions from different studies as their experimental conditions might vary. Among NAIs generated by natural atmosphere and the Lenard effect (waterfall), superoxide O2 are the major negative ions [37,38].